But, the first implementation of the TCP/IP suite—published in the early 1970s by the U.S. Department of Defense’s Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA, www.darpa.mil)—was in the Berkeley ...

Trying to understand every detail involved in creating an embedded product that communicates via Internet protocols can be a daunting task. These protocols were created for systems that generally have ...

“This is not an easy subject to talk about. There are so many protocols, and terms have evolved—even the way the word ‘Ethernet’ has been used,” states John Ditter, input/output product specialist ...

TCP/IP is a layered networking protocol, which means that packets of data from the application are passed through several stages, or layers, until they move onto the wire as pulses or into the air as ...

What does the new "manufacturing stack" look like? We’re all familiar with the Internet’s TCP/IP stack. The bottom layer handles the details of the physical transmission of raw bits and bytes, and ...

The data transfer in a TCP/IP network is usually block-based. From a programmer’s point of view, sending data means issuing a series of “send data block” requests. On a system level, sending an ...

A reference model is a virtual model which defines how communication should take place. It logically divides the processes which are required for the communication into layers. This concept is known ...

The Open System Interconnect (OSI) network model, referred to by many as simply a stack, is in fact a well-designed, layered architecture for efficient intersystem and intrasystem communications. In ...

I like to think of the transport layer as the layer of the OSI Model that enables more interesting traffic. While we network engineers may love a lot of the simpler uses of the IP protocol and ...