When implementing cooling solutions for electronic equipment, system designers are confronted with a complex set of variables. The cooling requirements are typically dynamic, and ambient temperatures ...

Self-regulating systems with feedback loops, i.e., the routing back of the output of a system to its input, have existed since antiquity and have since become an integral part of modern technology.

In part because they are closed-loop systems, it can be easy to ignore power plant cooling water systems that support the reliable functioning of everything from stator bars in the generator to ...

The increasing use of voice-activated devices has put a spotlight on audio tests – making a case for open and closed loop testing, says Eric Hodges of Audio Precision. Classically, audio tests have ...

Some operational amplifiers (op amps) have an inductive open-loop output impedance, which can be more complex to stabilize than op amps with resistive output impedances. One of the most common ...